"Desde mi punto de vista –y esto puede ser algo profético y paradójico a la vez– Estados Unidos está mucho peor que América Latina. Porque Estados Unidos tiene una solución, pero en mi opinión, es una mala solución, tanto para ellos como para el mundo en general. En cambio, en América Latina no hay soluciones, sólo problemas; pero por más doloroso que sea, es mejor tener problemas que tener una mala solución para el futuro de la historia."

Ignácio Ellacuría


O que iremos fazer hoje, Cérebro?
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domingo, 15 de maio de 2011

Conflito Camboja-Tailândia

La batalla de los templos

Thitinan Pongsudhirak

2011-05-06

La batalla de los templos

BANGKOK - Las escaramuzas militares entre Tailandia y Camboya, que desde febrero se han cobrado más de dos decenas de vidas, causaron numerosos heridos y desplazaron a decenas de miles de personas se pueden atribuir principalmente a la política interna en ambos países. Con raíces en antiguas enemistades y el legado de la época colonial, la lucha está perjudicando a toda la región. Tan virulenta es la controversia que incluso una solución a corto plazo requerirá la mediación de terceros. Una paz segura dependerá principalmente de cuál sea el desenlace de la crisis política interna de Tailandia en los próximos meses y de la voluntad de Camboya de mantenerse al margen de este proceso.

El conflicto gira en torno a 4,6 kilómetros cuadrados que lindan con un milenario templo hindú conocido como "Preah Vihear" por los camboyanos y "Phra Viharn" por los tailandeses. Camboya insiste en que la tierra en disputa ha estado bajo su soberanía territorial, desde un caso de delimitación territorial decidido por la Corte Internacional de Justicia en 1962. En su veredicto de votos 9 contra 3, la Corte Internacional de Justicia dictaminó que el mapa de Camboya, elaborado por peritos franceses en 1904-1907, dictaminó que el área del templo se encontraba dentro de Camboya y que Tailandia (conocida como Siam hasta 1939) no se había opuesto anteriormente. Durante las audiencias, Camboya pidió a la Corte Internacional de Justicia que se pronunciase sobre los terrenos colindantes, pero los jueces limitaron su decisión sólo al templo, como Camboya solicitara originalmente.

El mapa creado por los franceses se ​​convirtió en el núcleo de la controversia, porque manipuló divisiones geográficas naturales. Tailandia rechaza el mapa, que va en contra de un acuerdo franco-siamés de 1904 que establece una demarcación a lo largo de una línea divisoria de aguas que separa los dos países. Más aún, la iniciativa cartográfica francesa tuvo lugar apenas una década después de que Siam cediera un puñado de territorios -la mayor parte de lo que es hoy Camboya occidental- a Francia, que en ese entonces pendía sobre Indochina como amo colonial. En ese momento, un vulnerable Siam se vio obligado a firmar una serie de injustos tratados con las potencias europeas a cambio de mantener su independencia.

Hasta hace poco, los reclamos en conflicto sobre los 4,6 kilómetros cuadrados no eran un problema grave. Pobladores y comerciantes de ambas partes comerciaban activamente y los negocios fronterizos no sufrían restricciones por parte las autoridades. Las tensiones bilaterales estallaron cuando la política tailandesa se recalentó después del golpe de estado militar de septiembre de 2006 que derrocó al primer ministro elegido democráticamente, Thaksin Shinawatra, acusado de corrupción y deslealtad a la monarquía.

En 2008, después de que la fuerza que representaba al autoexiliado Thaksin, el Partido del Poder Popular, asumiera el poder tras una victoria electoral, el gobierno de Tailandia firmó un comunicado conjunto de aceptación de la inclusión del Templo de Preah Vihear como sitio de Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO en Camboya. El comunicado se convirtió en una bandera de combate para los opositores de Thaksin, encabezados por la Alianza del Pueblo para la Democracia (PAD, por sus siglas en inglés).

El PAD denunció el registro de Preah Vihear por la UNESCO como una traición a la soberanía de Tailandia y lo utilizó para desestabilizar al gobierno pro-Thaksin. Cuando el PAD tomó el control de la Casa de Gobierno y los dos aeropuertos de Bangkok, los líderes de la protesta insultaron al primer ministro camboyano, Hun Sen, y le compararon con un hooligan. Para agravar las cosas, el miembro del PAD que cometió el insulto se convirtió en ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Tailandia después de que los opositores de Thaksin recuperaran el poder en diciembre de 2008, encabezados por el Primer Ministro Abhisit Vejjajiva y apoyados por el ejército.

En ese punto, las tensiones con Camboya se convirtieron en inevitables. Hun Sen tenía cuentas que saldar con la coalición anti-Thaksin formada por el Partido Demócrata, el PAD y el ejército. En 2009, Hun Sen designó a Thaksin como asesor económico del gobierno de Camboya y lo invitó a pronunciar un discurso público de alto perfil en Phnom Penh. La relación bilateral ha sido inestable desde entonces, alternando entre períodos de fricción y conciliación.

La serie de enfrentamientos armados en la frontera este año se origina en las provocaciones del PAD. Aunque algunos de sus miembros entraron en el gabinete de Abhisit, los líderes del PAD se sintieron traicionados y abandonados por él y algunos de sus poderosos valedores. Los seguidores del PAD, que visten camisas amarillas, regresaron a las calles, esta vez bajo la bandera del ultranacionalismo sobre Preah Vihear y una campaña nacional contra la corrupción. El PAD ha llamado abiertamente a un golpe militar para limpiar la política tailandesa.

Inicialmente, el PAD encontró poco apoyo. El ejército tailandés se mantuvo fuera de la controversia de Preah Vihear y el gobierno de Abhisit restó importancia a sus maquinaciones. Pero, cuando los "camisas rojas" anti-sistema y pro-Thaksin  "camisas rojas" realizaron enormes protestas contra la represión por parte del ejército a sus compañeros manifestantes en abril-mayo del año pasado, los uniformados comenzaron a agitarse. Un punto de inflexión importante puede haber sido la alusión de los dirigentes "camisas rojas" al notorio silencio real ante la violenta represión del ejército, lo cual agravó los temores del ejército de una amenaza clara y presente a la monarquía.

El ejército tailandés abandonó su postura neutral y se volvió cada vez más beligerante. Descartó unilateralmente la presencia de observadores regionales en la frontera entre Tailandia y Camboya, un acuerdo mediado por el canciller indonesio Marty Natalegawa en febrero. El gobierno de Abhisit, congénitamente en deuda con el ejército, comprendió la señal que se le enviaba y renegó de la iniciativa de paz mediada por Indonesia. Fue un duro golpe no sólo para Indonesia, que ejerce la presidencia de la Asociación de Naciones del Sudeste de Asia este año, sino también para la propia ASEAN, especialmente teniendo en cuenta la intención de la organización de convertirse en una Comunidad ASEAN para el año 2015.

Si se permite a la ASEAN un papel de mediación, la disputa entre Tailandia y Camboya puede terminar de regreso en el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, que había delegado el tema en la ASEAN tras fuertes presiones de Camboya y Tailandia. Camboya quiere multilateralizar el conflicto fronterizo tanto como Tailandia intenta limitarlo a negociaciones bilaterales.

Aunque las batallas fronterizas entre Tailandia y Camboya han involucrado a tanques y artillería pesada, es poco probable que degenere en una guerra abierta y a gran escala. El marco de la ASEAN actúa como una red de seguridad y los intereses comerciales mutuos prevalecerán en última instancia. Pero continuarán los disparos esporádicos y el antagonismo verbal entre ambos bandos, a medida que los poderes fácticos de Tailandia cierren filas en giro a la derecha hacia los símbolos y las instituciones de la realeza, enmarañando a Hun Sen, que debería haberse quedado al margen, en el final del juego que se desarrolla en Bangkok.

Thitinan Pongsudhirak es Profsor y Director del Instituto de Estudios Internacionales y de Seguridad de la Universidad de  Chulalongkorn en Bangkok. Es además profesor visitante en la Escuela de Estudios Avanzados de las Universidad Johns Hopkins en Washington. DC.

http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/pongsudhirak5/Spanish

Baltasar Garzón sobre a morte de Bin Laden

Garzón asegura en Nueva York que la muerte de Bin Laden no se ajusta a la legalidad

El juez reconoce que nadie puede estar en contra "de que un terrorista deje de ser terrorista

Política | 14/05/2011 - 21:30h

Nueva York. (EFE).- El juez español Baltasar Garzón, aseguró este sábado en Nueva York que la muerte del líder de Al Qaeda, Osama Bin Laden, a manos de las fuerzas de Estados Unidos "no se adecúa a la legalidad internacional", aunque reconoció que nadie puede estar en contra "de que un terrorista deje de ser terrorista".

"La muerte de Bin Laden no se ajusta a los estándares de la legalidad internacional. No entro a valorar la legalidad interna de Estados Unidos", explicó Garzón a la prensa en Nueva York, donde hoy recibió un premio impulsado por los Archivos de la Brigada Abraham Lincoln (ALBA) por su defensa de los derechos humanos.

Garzón, primer receptor del premio de esa organización que vela por la memoria de las Brigadas Internacionales que apoyaron a la República en la Guerra Civil española, aseguró que "en los estándares de la legislación convencional y consuetudinaria, (la muerte de Bin Laden) evidentemente no se adecúa a la legalidad".

"Teniendo en cuenta las propias informaciones norteamericanas de que (Bin Laden) no estaba armado ni había riesgo alguno, no se podría matar a una persona a la que se le imputan hechos delictivos, al menos desde el punto de vista español y jurídico", aseguró el juez, quien explicó que un caso similar en España conllevaría "la apertura de un procedimiento contra quien haya dado esa orden".

El magistrado español aseguró, sin embargo, que "nadie puede estar en contra de que un terrorista deje de ser terrorista", aunque defendió que "los terroristas deben ser detenidos y sometidos a juicio, como forma de reivindicar el Estado de Derecho y la diferencia respecto al ejercicio de terror".

El juez reconoció al mismo tiempo que, además, "como juez me hubiera gustado interrogarlo (a Bin Laden), para que pudiera explicar qué significa apoyar los movimientos de Egipto y Túnez, como se desprende de información encontrada por las fuerzas norteamericanas.

"Hubiera sido muy bueno indagar en esas informaciones, y por qué, por ejemplo, no dicen nada sobre Libia, Siria o Yemen. Ahora sólo tenemos la versión de una parte", indicó el juez, quien, antes de recibir el galardón de ALBA, dotado en cien mil dólares y patrocinado por la Fundación Puffin, participó en una conversación pública con Jonathan Turley, profesor de Derecho.

En ella, Garzón arremetió contra la existencia del "limbo jurídico" de Guantánamo, defendió la idea de que en Estados Unidos se lleven a cabo juicios civiles contra los terroristas, y además repasó su carrera jurídica en España, sobre todo en lo relacionado con el intento de juzgar al dictador chileno Augusto Pinochet y su actuación en el caso de las víctimas de la dictadura franquista.

La entrega del premio de ALBA coincide precisamente este sábado con el primer aniversario de la suspensión de Garzón en sus funciones de la Audiencia Nacional de España, debido a la causa que le abrió el Tribunal Supremo por la presunta irregularidad de sus investigaciones en torno a los crímenes cometidos por el franquismo.

"La vida está llena de paradojas. Ésta es una más. El 14 de mayo de 2010 estaba rodeado de amigos y hoy, un año después, también lo estoy", indicó Garzón, quien aseguró recibir el premio como "un aliciente" para continuar por la misma vía que ha defendido a lo largo de su carrera.

El juez insistió en la legalidad de sus investigaciones en torno a los crímenes de la dictadura franquista, cuando se cometieron "crímenes masivos que participarían de la categoría de crímenes contra la humanidad" y cuyos efectos son "todavía permanentes".

"No es probable que pueda volver a mi juzgado. Es bastante improbable", señaló Garzón sobre su suspensión, mientras que también se reconoció "sorprendido" ante las actuaciones del presidente estadounidense, Barack Obama, en el "el combate de derechos humanos y en el área de la seguridad y del terrorismo", donde aseguró que "muchos esperábamos más".

http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20110514/54154395865/garzon-asegura-en-nueva-york-que-la-muerte-de-bin-laden-no-se-ajusta-a-la-legalidad.html

Austrália se beneficia da inflação nas commodities!

Australia está atrayendo niveles récord de inversión

15/05/11

Hay un boom económico. El valor del dólar australiano es el más alto de su historia y el de sus exportaciones aumentó 24% en el último año.

Por Jorge Castro, analista

La economía australiana crece a una tasa de 9,6% anual, ajustado el producto por el precio récord de los commodities. En los estados del Norte (Western Australia/Queensland) la tasa de crecimiento es 14% / 16%. En los 12 meses previos a marzo, el superávit comercial fue de U$S 22.000 millones; en este período, las exportaciones de carbón aumentaron 46% y 15% las de mineral de hierro y los metales.

Esto sucede cuando el valor del dólar australiano es el más alto de su historia (A$ 1 / U$S 1,10). El resultado es que el valor de sus exportaciones ha aumentado 24% en los últimos 12 meses. En el año fiscal 2011 / 2012, ese mayor valor equivale a U$S 251.000 millones.

Las dos principales exportaciones son mineral de hierro y carbón – con precios récord en el mercado mundial – y la tendencia que se prevé es que el consumo de acero en China / India / Brasil pasa de 53% del total mundial en 2011 a 60% en 2016. Por eso, la inversión en los próximos 10 años en la industria minera y energética (gas líquido natural / LNG) asciende a U$S 832.000 millones.

El cálculo es que las inversiones en plantas de LNG aumentarán en 1,5 puntos el PBI (U$S 1,4 billones). La población asciende a 22,3 millones de habitantes y el PBI per cápita alcanza a U$S 57.662 anuales.

Australia es el mayor exportador de commodities del mundo.

China es su principal socio comercial desde 2008 y destino de 23% de sus exportaciones (6% hace 10 años). Esto se vincula con que los términos de intercambio (precio de las exportaciones vs. precio de las importaciones) son los mejores de su historia y superiores a los de 1870, cuando Australia tenía el mayor nivel de ingreso per cápita del mundo.

Los términos de intercambio entre 1900 y 2000 han sido 100 puntos promedio; ahora son 145 y treparán a 160 en 2013.

El vínculo con China va más allá de lo comercial . Hay 130.000 estudiantes chinos en las universidades australianas y 48.000 turistas de esa nacionalidad visitaron en enero el continente. Australia recibiría 1.000.000 de turistas chinos en 2025.

La conjetura del gobierno australiano es que el mundo asiste a un “superciclo” del precio de los commodities, que no es un “viento de cola” favorable, sino un cambio estructural, irreversible, de las condiciones globales de acumulación .

Este “superciclo” es un subproducto del hecho de que el crecimiento de la economía mundial es obra de los países emergentes y en desarrollo. Este año casi 80% del auge global es responsabilidad de los emergentes; China, sola, del 56%.

Esto explica por qué el consumo de cobre en China se ha cuadruplicado desde 1995; y por qué su porcentaje en la demanda global ha pasado de 10% a 40% del total.

La relación exportaciones australianas / demanda china es orgánica, estructural . Australia es uno de los principales proveedores de la industrialización china y sus productos son insumos esenciales del desarrollo de su infraestructura (ciudades, puertos, ferrocarriles, líneas de electricidad).

Pero la productividad ha declinado sustancialmente desde la década del 90. Pasó de 1,6% anual a solo 0,6% en los últimos 10 años. En los 90, la productividad era 80% del nivel de EE.UU., y llegó a 88% en 1999; pero a partir de allí ha retrocedido y hoy es 83% del producto por hora estadounidense.

El crecimiento australiano, al estar atado a la demanda china, parecería estar asegurado en los próximos 10 / 20, quizá 30 años. Pero esta tendencia de fondo presenta en nuevas condiciones el retraso de su productividad.

Sin aumento de la productividad de todos los factores por encima del nivel de EE.UU., hay crecimiento económico, pero no convergencia estructural.

Es una forma de repetir, en la fase de integración plena del sistema capitalista, la teoría de “centro y periferia” . Para los países exportadores de materias primas, el auge de la productividad es sinónimo de autonomía y libertad de acción.

http://www.clarin.com/opinion/Australia-atrayendo-niveles-record-inversion_0_481151980.html

segunda-feira, 2 de maio de 2011

Brics e IBSA

Abril 30, 2011

BRICS set to outshine IBSA?

Rajiv Bhatia

From left to right, BRICS leaders, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, Chinese President Hu Jintao, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff and South African President Jacob Zuma at a one-day summit in Sanya, China. File photo

AP From left to right, BRICS leaders, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, Chinese President Hu Jintao, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff and South African President Jacob Zuma at a one-day summit in Sanya, China. File photo

When BRICS speaks, its views are bound to receive much greater notice than those of IBSA. If IBSA does not become stronger, it will become irrelevant.

In international politics, nations form new groupings or compete to join existing ones, sustain them for a while or long, and then abandon them, though seldom closing them formally. Following the recent summit of leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS), it is worth pondering what lies in store for the IBSA Dialogue Forum with India, Brazil and South Africa as its members.

The two groupings

Last April, before the second BRIC summit and the fourth IBSA summit, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) stated that BRIC was “still in a nascent stage,” whereas IBSA, as “the older grouping,” was flourishing well. This April, however, the perception has changed. According to an MEA official, BRICS has “a very good future.” He added that South Africa's entry into BRIC, transforming it into BRICS, would not “diminish IBSA in any way.” Is that a given or veiled signal that a serious internal debate is now under way to measure the relative utility, both actual and potential, of the two groupings?

Ironically, South Africa, which invested enormous diplomatic capital to secure its entry into BRIC, will host the next IBSA summit in 2011. And India, which has been in the forefront to project IBSA as a “unique” organisation of leading democracies, pluralist societies and emerging economies from three different continents, will host the BRICS summit in 2012.

In terms of key indicators, BRICS will have little difficulty in outshining IBSA. The former accounts for 26 per cent of the world's area, 40 per cent of its population, and 22 per cent of global GDP. Therefore, when BRICS speaks, its views are bound to receive much greater notice than those of IBSA. It also helps that those drafting BRICS declarations are far more concise and self-disciplined than their colleagues in IBSA who still seem to be driven by the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)-style urge to be long-winded.

Sanya declaration

More important, as the Sanya declaration — the outcome document of the recent BRICS summit — demonstrated, five of the largest emerging economies now have “a broad consensus” of views not only on key international economic and financial issues but also on certain global political issues. The need for effective implementation of G-20 decisions, the demand for the reform of financial institutions of global governance — enabling developing countries to enjoy a greater say in them — and monetary reform, including the re-drafting of Special Drawing Rights (SDR), fall in the first category. The idea of a broad-based reserve currency which serves as an alternative to, but not a substitute for, the U.S. dollar would be studied further. The decision in principle to establish payment of credits in local currencies instead of the dollar has been noted widely.

On the political side, three key issues deserve a brief mention. BRICS has voiced support for a comprehensive reform of the U.N., including the Security Council. In this context, Russia and China have underlined the importance they attach to the status of India, Brazil and South Africa in international affairs, committing themselves “to understand and support” the three countries' “aspiration to play a greater role in the U.N.”

This is an advance, albeit a modest one. On countering international terrorism, a common position has emerged, which is significant, considering that South Africa has for long nurtured the notion that a blanket condemnation of terrorism should somehow exclude genuine liberation movements.

On the Libyan crisis, however, BRICS has managed to create an ample air of ambivalence. Prior to the Sanya summit, four countries abstained on the U.N. resolution, thereby providing a cover for western intervention, and one (South Africa) supported the resolution. At the summit, however, all five member- states expressed support for avoiding the use of force and ensuring respect for the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of a nation. As the South African President has been playing a mediatory role under the African Union mandate, he succeeded in securing support for the AU High-Level Panel Initiative on Libya, although it has not been getting anywhere so far. BRICS is struggling to cater to its numerous constituencies that are in conflict with one another.

Perhaps the most noteworthy aspect of the development of BRICS is the focus placed on promoting internal cooperation. Their Foreign Ministers have been meeting regularly since 2006. Three summits in less than two years have provided a fillip to discussions involving Finance Ministers, Agriculture Ministers, National Security Advisors and others including national statistical institutions, business communities and Track- II organisations. BRICS has decided to advance its cooperation “in a gradual and pragmatic manner,” making it “inclusive and non-confrontational.” The declaration has put intra-BRICS cooperation in three categories, namely existing cooperation, new areas of cooperation such as health and joint research on trade and economic issues, and new proposals for cooperation pertaining to culture, sports, green economy and pharmaceutical industry.

Comparison with IBSA

How does IBSA compare with the dramatic expansion of BRICS? Quite favourably so far, but it could change quickly.

Since the first meeting of its Foreign Ministers in 2003, IBSA has acquired an institutional character as well as considerable dynamism. Journeying through four summits, its member-states have bonded well, and the new leaders in two of them (South Africa and Brazil) have reiterated their commitment to the Dialogue Forum. Of its four principal facets, the Forum has regularly coordinated its positions on international and regional issues; it has been managing diverse development projects in seven Least Developed Countries (LDCs); it has sought to forge mutually beneficial trilateral cooperation through 16 Working Groups in areas ranging from transportation and agriculture to health, taxation and IT; and, above all, it has innovatively developed people-to-people contacts encompassing business, media, women, academics, and parliamentarians.

However, now that BRICS has emerged as a potential competitor to IBSA, the latter needs to re-calibrate its strategy and refine its unique selling proposition. Four suggestions merit consideration here. Articulating views on world issues should now largely be left to BRICS, the more influential grouping. Secondly, IBSA should dramatically raise its profile as a partner of LDCs. Thirdly, intra-IBSA cooperation now needs to move beyond the phase of trans-continental travels, meetings, studies and MoUs to viable and demonstrable projects. Let IBSA establish effective maritime and civil aviation connectivity, develop a liberal visa scheme, and strive to operationalise India-SACU-Mercosur trade arrangements soon. Finally, more substance should be imparted to people-to-people contacts.

In a short span of two years BRICS has travelled “a long distance,” as Prime Minister Manmohan Singh put it. However, an exercise in fine balancing is desirable. Geopolitical considerations would dictate that India should prevent BRICS from acquiring an anti-U.S. orientation on political issues. Thus, while on key financial and development issues, the IBSA countries may go along with Russia and China, on political and security questions, they would need to strike proximity with Washington and European Union capitals.

External Affairs Minister S.M. Krishna asserted recently that BRICS has emerged as “a major voice” in world affairs. India will be in a better position to shape that voice when it succeeds in strengthening IBSA. If IBSA does not become stronger, it will become irrelevant. As the senior most among IBSA leaders, Dr. Singh bears a special responsibility. MEA can help him by being clinical and courageous.

(The author is a former Indian ambassador.)

http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article1978593.ece?homepage=true

sábado, 23 de abril de 2011

Relações China-Paquistão

Pakistan-China cooperation to develop further: Pakistan opposition party leader

Pakistan-China cooperation will continue to keep developing through joint efforts as the two countries celebrate the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between them, the leader of Pakistan's largest opposition party said Friday.

Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif, president of Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), said the cooperation between Pakistan and China have yielded great dividends for the two peoples over the past six decades.

"The friendship between Pakistan and China is higher than the Himalayas, deeper than the ocean, and sweeter than honey and sugar," said Sharif, who is also the chief minister of Pakistan's most populous Punjub Province.

This year is also the China-Pakistan Friendship Year, which was declared by Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and his Pakistani counterpart Yousuf Raza Gilani during Wen's visit to Pakistan in December 2010.

To further promote Pakistan-China friendship and cooperation is the consensus across the political spectrum in Pakistan, Sharif said, adding that Pakistan is grateful for China's efforts to help Pakistan in its development.

As a close friend of China, Pakistan is proud of the achievements made by China since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policy, Sharif said.

He also said he believes bilateral trade will grow quickly in tandem with deepening ties. Currently, China is Pakistan's third largest trade partner, while Pakistan is China's second largest trade partner in South Asia.

Pakistan-China cooperation to develop further: Pakistan opposition party leader

  • Source: Xinhua
  • [09:16 April 23 2011]

Pakistan-China cooperation will continue to keep developing through joint efforts as the two countries celebrate the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between them, the leader of Pakistan's largest opposition party said Friday.

Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif, president of Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), said the cooperation between Pakistan and China have yielded great dividends for the two peoples over the past six decades.

"The friendship between Pakistan and China is higher than the Himalayas, deeper than the ocean, and sweeter than honey and sugar," said Sharif, who is also the chief minister of Pakistan's most populous Punjub Province.

This year is also the China-Pakistan Friendship Year, which was declared by Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and his Pakistani counterpart Yousuf Raza Gilani during Wen's visit to Pakistan in December 2010.

To further promote Pakistan-China friendship and cooperation is the consensus across the political spectrum in Pakistan, Sharif said, adding that Pakistan is grateful for China's efforts to help Pakistan in its development.

As a close friend of China, Pakistan is proud of the achievements made by China since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policy, Sharif said.

He also said he believes bilateral trade will grow quickly in tandem with deepening ties. Currently, China is Pakistan's third largest trade partner, while Pakistan is China's second largest trade partner in South Asia.

http://china.globaltimes.cn/diplomacy/2011-04/647762.html

Uso de armas químicas no conflito entre Tailândia e Camboja?

Asia-Pacific

Cambodia claims Thai used chemical weapon

(Agencies)
Updated: 2011-04-23 22:19

PHNOM PENH, Cambodia - Thailand strongly rejected accusations it used chemical weapons against Cambodian troops in fighting that extended into a second day Saturday and has killed 10 soldiers and forced thousands of civilians from their homes.

Firing by both sides had ceased by noon, but Cambodia's defense ministry said at nightfall that the situation was "still tense."

A Cambodian defense ministry statement earlier charged that Thailand had fired 75 and 105 mm shells "loaded with poisonous gas" into Cambodian territory, but did not elaborate. A Cambodian field commander said separately that Thailand used both cluster shells _ anti-personnel weapons banned by many countries _ and artillery shells that gave off a debilitating gas.

The defense ministry accused Thailand of seeking to seize two ancient temples in disputed border territory and said Thai aircraft supported the attacks, including reconnaissance planes that "flew deep into Cambodia's airspace."

"I'd like to categorically deny that the Thai military has used any kind of aircraft," Thai Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya said at a news conference in Bangkok. "I'd like to reiterate that the accusations from Cambodia hold no truth at all. What they said about us using poisonous gas was not true either."

Col. Tawatchai Samutsakorn, commander of Thailand's 2nd Army Region, denied absolutely that cluster bombs or poison gas had been employed by his forces in the new fighting.

Col. Suos Sothea, deputy commander of Cambodia's artillery unit, had told The Associated Press by phone the six rounds of cluster shells had landed in villages about 20 kilometers (12 miles) inside Cambodia, but caused no casualties since people had already been evacuated. He also said Thai forces fired shell with "poison smoke" that caused several soldiers who inhaled it to lose strength in their arms and legs, but did not kill anyone.

Cluster munitions contain dozens or hundreds of small grenades or 'bomblets' that scatter over vast areas. Some can lie dormant for decades until disturbed, posing enormous danger to civilians.

Thailand acknowledged using cluster type munitions in border fighting in February, but argued that they were not of the type banned from use by 108 countries under an international treaty. Thailand has not signed the pact but has publicly pledged not to use such weapons.

Friday's fighting was the first reported border clash since February, when eight soldiers and civilians were killed near Cambodia's Preah Vihear temple. The new clashes took place about 100 miles (160 kilometers) west of there.

Saturday's fighting, mostly a long-distance artillery duel, began shortly after 6 a.m. and halted before noon, both countries said. Friday;s fighting also took place mostly in the morning.

Thailand's Tawatchai said one Thai soldier died Saturday, bringing the two-day casualty toll to four dead and 17 wounded. He said 15,000 civilians had been evacuated from the area of fighting.

Cambodia's Suos Sothea said three soldiers from his country had been killed Saturday, bringing Cambodia's two-day death toll to six. He said he could not give an accurate count of the wounded, though the Bayon TV station, closely linked to the government, reported five people hurt. Six Cambodian soldiers were reported wounded Friday. The TV station said 5,000 civilians had been evacuated from the danger zone.

The countries have competing claims over small swaths of land along the border, with nationalistic politics fueling tensions. Clashes have erupted several times since 2008, when the 11th-century Preah Vihear temple was given UN World Heritage status over Thai objections.

Indonesia, chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, has called for an immediate cease-fire and further efforts to resolve the border dispute.

The flare-up comes as the Thai military raises its profile in domestic politics ahead of a general election expected to be held by early July. The army had previously effectively vetoed an agreed-on plan to station Indonesian observers to monitor the border situation.

Thai Foreign Minister Kasit said Saturday that he was ready to sign on a letter accepting Indonesia's offer of observers, and was waiting for agreement from Thailand's defense minister, expected this coming week.

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-04/23/content_12381967.htm

segunda-feira, 7 de fevereiro de 2011

O poder de Gengis Khan

São Paulo, domingo, 06 de fevereiro de 2011
   
Khan tem 12 milhões de "filhos" na Ásia

DE SÃO PAULO

Aparentemente, não foram só terras que Gengis Khan conquistou. Segundo estimativas da Universidade de Oxford, na Inglaterra, o imperador espalhou descendentes homens por uma extensão que vai do oceano Pacífico ao mar Cáspio.
Segundo um estudo que analisou o cromossomo Y da população local, 8% dos homens nas fronteiras do antigo Império Mongol -mais de 12 milhões de pessoas- podem ser seus descendentes.
Mesmo levando em consideração que os mongóis eram polígamos, o resultado é impressionante. Além das mulheres oficiais, Khan teve várias outras mulheres -ninguém sabe, claro, o número ao certo. Muitas de povos conquistados por ele.
A descoberta aconteceu por acaso. Os cientistas estavam examinando os cromossomos Y (que só homens transmitem) da população da Ásia, e encontraram uma quantidade anormalmente grande de homens com praticamente o mesmo Y.
No princípio, era só piada a chance de serem descendentes de Khan. Mas a distribuição geográfica dos cromossomos batia de maneira impressionante com os deslocamentos de Khan -e não há nenhum grande concorrente à façanha além dele.
Vale lembrar, porém, que Khan não trabalhou sozinho: como seus filhos (que também eram poderosos) e netos têm o mesmo Y, eles também participaram da façanha.(GM)

http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ciencia/fe0602201102.htm

Conflito entre Camboja e Tailândia por patrimônio da humanidade

image

Una disputa entre Tailandia y Camboya por el templo Preah Vihear acaba con la vida de cinco personas
Ambos ejércitos se disputan un territorio 4,6 kilómetros cuadrados de selva con un monte en cuya cima se asienta el templo del siglo XI

Internacional | 07/02/2011 - 11:44h

Bangkok (Redacción/Agencias).- Tailandia y Camboya llevan cuatro días intercambiando disparos que han costado la vida a cinco personas. Se disputan un territorio 4,6 kilómetros cuadrados de selva con un monte en cuya cima se asienta el templo del siglo XI Preah Vihear, construido por el imperio Jemer en el mismo estilo que el del más conocido complejo de templos de Angkor.

Este es el conflicto armado más grave entre ambos países del Sudeste asiático desde que Camboya solicitase en 2008 que el templo hindú consagrado a la diosa Shiva fuese declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad, lo que provocó ráfagas de disparos cruzados ocasionales.

Tailandia se oponía a que el templo fuese catalogado por la Unesco porque el terreno triangular donde se encuentra no ha sido nunca otorgado a ninguno de los dos países. El templo, sin embargo, sí que es oficialmente camboyano desde que la Corte Internacional de Justicia así lo decidiese en 1962.

Las víctimas mortales del conflicto, cuya violencia se ha recrudecido en los últimos días, son dos soldados y un turista camboyanos, y un soldado y un habitante de la zona tailandés, según Reuters.

La prensa de Bangkok asegura, sin embargo, que sus tropas confirman haber matado a 64 soldados camboyanos y que 20 de sus efectivos propios están heridos. Ambas partes están utilizando artillería pesada, incluyendo cohetes, ametralladoras y morteros.

De hecho, el Ejército de Camboya ha denunciado que el bombardeo de la artillería tailandesa ha derrumbado una de las alas del templo. Del lado tailandés de la indeterminada frontera, los disparon han provocado daños en algunos poblados y miles de ciudadanos de ambos países han evacuado sus casas.

La ONU insta a las partes a cesar las hostilidades

El primer ministro camboyano, Hu Sen, ha pedido al Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU una reunión urgente y ha acusado a Tailandia de "actos repetidos de agresión". Ban Ki Moon, secretario general de Naciones Unidas, ha pedido a las dos partes un alto el fuego inmediato y una solución duradera para su disputa, igual que EE UU durante el fin de semana.

En Tailandia, la disputa está desatando el sentimiento nacionalista de los camisas amarillas, cuyo apoyo aupó al poder al primer ministro, Abhisit Vejjajiva. Este grupo, cuyos representantes llevan semanas acampados frente al palacio presidencial en Bangkok, piden más mano dura a su Gobierno y al primer ministro, que dimita.

Abhisit se enfrenta a una situación complicada, con elecciones a la vista, manifestaciones convocadas por los camisas amarillas y Camboya enemistada.

Marty Natalegawa, ministro de Exteriores de Indonesia y presidente de la Asociación de Naciones del Sudeste Asiático (ASEAN en sus siglas en inglés) visitará hoy Phnom Penh, la capital camboyana, y mañana pasará por Bangkok, en Tailandia, para tratar de mediar entre las partes y buscar una solución.

El ministro de Exteriores tailandés ha manifestado que el conflicto debe resolverse entre los dos vecinos "a través de los mecanismos existentes". El sábado, los dos Gobiernos acordaron restablecer su Comité Transfronterizo Conjunto.

http://www.lavanguardia.es/internacional/20110207/54111427998/una-disputa-entre-tailandia-y-camboya-por-el-templo-preah-vihear-acaba-con-la-vida-de-cinco-personas.html

Confronto entre Tailândia e Camboja

Thai and Cambodian clashes resume at disputed border

Fighting between Thai and Cambodian troops enters a fourth day as Cambodian premier Hun Sen warns of threat to regional stability
Associated Press
guardian.co.uk, Monday 7 February 2011 04.47 GMT
 

image 
The Preah Vihear temple in Cambodia, near the Thai border. Photograph: Tang Chhin Sothy/AFP/Getty Images

Machine-gun and artillery fire echoed across the frontier between Thailand and Cambodia as fighting between border troops continued for a fourth day near an 11th century temple that has been caught in the crossfire.

Cambodian government spokesman Phay Siphan said the clashes, which began on Friday, resumed early today after halting around midnight. Cambodian officials say Thai artillery has destroyed part of a wall of the Preah Vihear temple, a UN World Heritage Site. Thai officials have dismissed the claims as propaganda, and the extent of the damage is unknown. The temple, built more than 900 years ago, belongs to Cambodia under a 1962 World Court ruling disputed by many Thais.

The Cambodian prime minister, Hun Sen, has warned the fighting poses a threat to regional stability. He said the latest clash was sparked after Thai soldiers crossed the border in search of the body of a comrade, and Cambodians opened fire to repel them.

A Thai army spokesman said on Sunday that about 10 Thai soldiers were wounded, while Hun Sen said the clashes resulted in "more human casualties and damages" but did not elaborate.

Hun Sen has sent a letter to the UN Security Council calling for an emergency meeting to help end the fighting.


Disputes over the crumbling stone temple, which sits several hundred feet from Thailand's eastern border with Cambodia, has fuelled nationalist sentiment on both sides of the disputed frontier for decades.

In 1962 the World Court determined that the temple belongs to Cambodia. Thai nationalists dispute the ruling and have seized on it as a domestic political issue, and the conflict has sparked sporadic battles between the two neighbours over the last few years.

On Sunday, the Cambodian government issued a statement saying "a wing of our Preah Vihear Temple has collapsed as a direct result of the Thai artillery bombardment."

Built between the 9th and 11th centuries, Preah Vihear is dedicated to the Hindu diety Shiva and revered partly for having one of the most stunning locations of all the temples constructed during the Khmer empire, the most famous of which is Angkor Wat. Thai army spokesman Colonel Sansern Kaewkamnerd dismissed reports of damage to the temple as "propaganda", but said Sunday's fighting was more intense than the previous two days.

Tensions have risen in recent days because of demonstrations in the Thai capital, Bangkok, demanding that the government oust Cambodians from the area near the temple.

The Thai prime minister, Abhisit Vejjajiva, called earlier for a peaceful solution to the border dispute, but warned that Thai soldiers would defend national sovereignty if attacked.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/07/thailand-cambodia-border-dispute-preah-vihear-temple

Rivalidade entre China e Japão

Japan is ignored
Source: Global Times
[08:11 January 28 2011]
image
Illustration: Liu Rui

http://opinion.globaltimes.cn/cartoon/2011-01/617806.html

quinta-feira, 3 de fevereiro de 2011

¿Estado de rebelión egipcia?

¿Estado de rebelión egipcia?
Enrique Dussel *


¿Quién se hubiera imaginado hace sólo un mes que el legendario Egipto, referencia necesaria al mito libertador de los esclavos (tan estudiado por Enst Bloch) bajo el dominio despótico de los faraones que inauguraron su reinado hace 50 siglos, nos darían hoy un ejemplo entusiasta de nueva rebelión? Los poderes geopolíticos metropolitanos, los potentados reunidos en Davos, los cínicos con máscaras de demócratas, deben ponerse de acuerdo para elaborar un cierto discurso que oculte su confusión y temor ante un pueblo que despierta. ¡Tanta propaganda de que eran los defensores y difusores de la democracia en el mundo, cuando ahora se les descubre la cloaca del apoyo a dictaduras violentas que eran alabadas por ellos simplemente porque apoyaban su estrategia! En realidad, como siempre enseñó Henry Kissinger, se trataba de promover los intereses económicos y geopolíticos de Estados Unidos bajo el disfraz de principios normativos (en cuanto coinciden con dichos intereses, por ejemplo, de obtención segura de hidrocarburos). Cuando el pueblo palestino eligió democráticamente a Hamas, decretaron que no eran aceptables democráticamente los elegidos, cuando las verdadera razones fueron el tener Hamas proyectos en favor del pueblo palestino pero contrarios a los intereses de dominio de las potencias. Ahora se descubre que los que apoyaban sus intereses eran dictadores. El Departamento de Estado y la Unión Europea debe consultar a sus aliados (Turquía, Israel, etcétera) para ver cómo salir de este entuerto.

¿Qué estamos contemplando en esta “revolución del jazmín”, cuyo perfume gozoso de la libertad se va extendiendo por el Magreb e invade ya otros países musulmanes? En primer lugar, que la foto de los creyentes de rodilla orando como no-violentos enfrentando a los tanques cambia la imagen que nos impone la mediocracia del “musulmán terrorista”, y la relaciona con la del joven chino que con una flor miraba de frente el tanque en Beijing. En segundo lugar, estamos contemplando un “estado de rebelión” que se está generalizando en el mundo musulmán.

Carl Schmitt, para criticar el “estado de derecho” liberal puramente legal y vacío, sin convicción subjetiva sustancial del ciudadano, propuso repensar el “estado de excepción”, para mostrar que el primero, que se encuentra dentro de un sistema de legitimación como la estructura democrático-legal, estaba fundado en una “voluntad” (en último término del pueblo, pero en el caso de Schmitt sin expresión institucional consistente) que podía dejar al orden legal sin efecto en casos de extrema necesidad (como la institución de la “dictadura” en el imperio romano). La “voluntad” (del gobernante con autoridad y del pueblo) está “detrás” de las leyes, dándole un fundamento. Lo que Schmitt no imaginó, y Giorgio Agamben lo sugiere sin extenderse como sería conveniente, es que, por su parte, el propio “estado de excepción” puede ser dejado sin efecto, pero en este caso por el pueblo mismo, como única sede, y última instancia, del poder político1. Estos nos recuerda aquel 20 de diciembre de 2001 en el que el pueblo argentino no respetando el “toque de queda” decretado por el gobierno salió a las calle y de hecho depuso a Fernando de la Rúa. Gritaba el pueblo: “¡Que se vayan todos!” Las instituciones habían perdido legitimidad y el pueblo se lo recordaba a los representantes que corruptamente habían pretendido ejercer el poder delegado, pero a su servicio. De ese levantamiento surgió el gobierno de Néstor Kirchner que alcanzó mayor legitimidad. Se trata del mismo caso ahora en Egipto.

El “estado de rebelión” es un acto supremo por el que un pueblo manifiesta legítimamente (contra la legalidad presente y ante toda la futura) que las instituciones (y las leyes) por él instauradas han dejado de tener efecto por alguna causa grave (corrupción extrema, despotismo contra la voluntad del pueblo, violencia en sumo grado, etcétera). En la filosofía islámica-medieval hasta se justificaba el tiranicidio (como en el caso de Tomás de Aquino), es decir, la muerte del tirano. Lo mismo expresaba John Locke en el capítulo 19 del Segundo Tratado sobre el Gobierno.

El pueblo entonces aparece como el actor colectivo, no metafísico sino coyuntural, como un “bloque” social de los oprimidos (diría Antonio Gramsci) pero ahora con conciencia política, con un como “hiper-poder” renovado que estaba debajo del silencio sufriente y aparentemente paciente, un poder que de pronto irrumpe desde abajo en la praxis de liberación ante la dominación ya insoportable, que lanza las instituciones fetichizadas a aire como cuando expande la lava el volcán en erupción.

Esos jóvenes ninis egipcios (aunque ya estudiaron tienen aún más conciencia cuando no tienen trabajo ) salen a las calles, arriesgan sus vidas (que de todas maneras desprecia el sistema capitalista dependiente del Estado corrupto y represor de Egipto sumiso a Estados Unidos y no solidario con los palestinos) por todo el pueblo, y no pareciera que darán un paso atrás porque la situación económica, política y cultural es angustiante.

Pero la lección que no está dejando este “estado de rebelión” generalizado en el mundo musulmán, nos habla de un nuevo momento en la política del Medio Oriente. Estados Unidos e Israel tendrán que dejar sus políticas fundamentalistas y violentas, militaristas, para abrirse sinceramente a una actitud democrática, despojándose de las cínicas palabras a que nos tienen acostumbrados, y que Wikileaks se encarga de revelar para su enojo; auténtica política democrática que, de seguro, les será muy difícil de implementar, porque no tienen ninguna tradición diplomática en ese sentido.

1 Véase el tema en mi obra 20 tesis de política, Siglo XXI, México, 2006, tesis 2, es la potentia.

http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2011/02/03/index.php?section=opinion&article=005a1pol

Índia e os conflitos no Afeganistão

India's options in Afghanistan
SD Pradhan
02 February 2011, 02:14 PM IST

The Current Situation:

The security situation in Afghanistan is fast deteriorating, which is a cause for concern not only for the neighbouring countries but for all the countries in the world which are facing terrorism. This country along with Pakistan remains the epicenter of terrorism. Violent incidents have spiked over the last two years. In the first half of 2010, rose nearly by 70% over the first six months of 2009. This trend continues till now. In the year 2010, more than 700 foreign troops were killed in Afghanistan on an average of about two per day. The use of improvised bombs was up by 80% and the number of civilian casualtieS increased by third. In fact the year 2010 proved to be the deadliest year.

 

A number of aid organizations in Afghanistan are challenging the Obama Administration’s recent claim that insurgents now control less territory than last year. Nie Lee Director of the Afghanistan’s Safety Office recently stated that “the situation (in Afghanistan) is a lot more insecure this year than last year.”He further stated that “there are fewer places where we have complete unimpeded access”. Security experts say that “Taliban shadow governors still exert control in all but one of Afghanistan’s 35 provinces”. Kandahar which was taken by NATO forces is witnessing violent incidents every thirD day. US and NATO intelligence assessment is that the Quetta Shura of Mullah Muhammad Omar, the Haqqani network and the Hykmatyar clan are fighting together. The Al Qaeda leaders too provide assistance. These outfits work as a syndicate, sharing new recruits, coordinating propaganda and granting one another safe passage through areas under their control.

 

The Pakistani Army and ISI continue to support Taliban. The US National Intelligence Estimate offered a negative assessment in December 2010. It clearly assessed that Pakistan’s unwillingness to shut down militant sanctuaries remains a serious obstacle. Late Special Envoy of US to Afghanistan and Pakistan Holbrooke highlighted the links between the ISI and Taliban in an interview to CNN-IBN on  July 22, 2010. He remarked that the LeT, Al Qaeda and Taliban as also ISI are all working closer together than ever before.

 

There is no dearth of funds with the Taliban as different channels continue to pour money to them. The opium trade provides substantial funds. According to the UN Office of Drugs and Crimes, the Taliban could be getting $160 mn per year from this source alone. In addition, charitable organizations from Saudi Arabia and other Islamic States could be providing $200 mn every year. In these two activities, the involvement of ISI is well documented. Besides, the US intelligence agencies estimate that the Afghan security firms have been extorting as much as $ 4 mn a week from contractors paid tax dollars and then funneling the spoils to warlords and Taliban.

 

For India the situation is becoming alarming with bold attacks taking place on Indians and on Indian interests frequently. Of late, Indian consulates and Indian Embassy in Kabul are receiving threats almost daily. This is undoubtedly happening at the behest of ISI, which is focused on removing the Indian presence in Afghanistan. The intelligence reports suggest that plans of attacks on Indian interests are being worked out in the presence and guidance of ISI officials.

 

Objectives of the Main Players:

The current situation in Afghanistan is becoming more and more complex because of conflicting objectives of the main players. These are:

 

The Karzai regime - There has been a shift in Karzai regime’s objectives of late. While earlier it had been opposing talks with Taliban, now it is going ahead with talks with Taliban elements. Significantly, there has been a shift on the issue of involvement of Pakistan. Notwithstanding the assurance given to the Indian Foreign Minister during his recent visit to Kabul that Pakistan would not be involved in talks with Taliban, the recently formed joint commission (27th January,2011) involving intelligence officials, diplomats and others of Pakistan and Afghanistan to deal with militants suggests that Karzai is now prepared to associate Pakistan to deal with Taliban. This is the second indication of this change of attitude of Karzai regime. The first indication came when Ammanullah Saleh, the chief of Afghanistan’s intelligence (RAAM) who had been opposing Pakistan’s support to Taliban, was removed. Perhaps Karzai has come to accept the view of US that the involvement of Pakistan is inevitable for his continuation. He and his colleagues may be thinking that when US starts withdrawal of troops, Pakistan’s links with the Taliban would have to be used for dealing with them. The ability of the Afghan National Army and the police remains extremely weak to deal with the Taliban and warlords. The corrupt politicians, who are in the Afghan Government, can hardly be of any help to Karzai. The international aid is not being properly utilized. The corrupt members of the Afghan Government and powerful local commanders are pocketing the aid. Economic growth is also hampered by the growing black market.

 

The USA - The US has come to the conclusion that it can not continue to bear the cost of this war and therefore has worked out the strategy to start withdrawal of troops. The Task Force chaired by Richard Armitage, former Secretary of State and supported by Samuel R Berger, former National Security Advisor had pointed out that the cost of the war in Afghanistan was increasing and therefore the strategy needed to be changed. It suggested that power should be transferred to Afghans and for that suitable arrangement needed to be made. Crucially, it recommended involvement of China in this plan. While it is not clear how US is planning to involve China in this task, it is assessed that during Robert Gate’s China visit and Hu Jintau’s visit to US, this issue must have been discussed. The US is well aware of China’s old links with Taliban as well as its hold on Pakistan. Obama Administration’s strategy of Counter-terrorism Plus per se is a sound policy that envisages eliminating terrorism, building capabilities of the Afghan Government and then withdraws from Afghanistan. However, neither the objectives are completely achievable within the stipulated timeframe nor the strategy of involving Pakistan and China is actually going to improve the situation. In all probabilities, the situation would worsen in the coming period.

 

Russia - Russia’s objectives in Afghanistan are elimination of terrorism which is affecting the security situation in Russia with Chechens receiving training in Afghanistan and checking drug trafficking. Russia is cooperating with NATO for this purpose. However, Russia desires concessions from NATO partners. It demands restriction on NATO deployment bigger than 3000 strong brigade in the combined territory of all former Soviet Bloc members as well as restrictions to be imposed on the deployment of aircraft in Eastern Europe and removal of the restrictions on Russian troops in the breakaway enclaves of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Russia is also aware of economic value of Afghanistan and therefore desires a friendly regime that would allow Russia lucrative development and mineral extraction deals. For Russia the best bet is Karzai or any other such person. Russia is unlikely to have good relations with Taliban.

 

China - China at London and Istanbul conferences (2010) asserted that Afghanistan was too critical an issue for regional security and stability to be left to Washington. The Chinese Foreign Minister, Yang Jiechi spelt out clearly that China intended to play an active role in Afghanistan that would safeguard its interests. In essence China desires unconditional and total vacation of foreign troops. China knows that the Taliban would occupy an important place in new dispensation. For the Chinese that would not be against their interests. In the pre 9/11 period, China had maintained links with Taliban and had invested in the development of infrastructure. In this, Pakistan had provided an invaluable support to China. China had obtained unexploded US missiles from the Taliban for reverse engineering. China knows it can easily build relations with Taliban with the support of Pakistan and would be able to reap economic benefits in that country besides protecting its own interests.

 

Pakistan - Pakistan’s single point programme is to bring Taliban back into power to achieve strategic depth against India and ensure removal of Indian presence in Afghanistan. It is opposing Indian involvement in the development programmes. The Indian aid of $ 1 bn is seen as an attempt by India to enhance its influence. The Afghan students coming to India (about 1000 every year) for studies is also not liked by Pakistan. Pakistan has also made the US realize that without Pakistan no operations can be launched in Afghanistan. The ISI sponsored burning of fuel tankers after blocking the supply routes had displayed Gen Kayani’s resolve to squeeze US. This strategy had found favour, both domestically and amongst the Taliban. With this Pakistan seems to have entered into a phase of blackmailing the US to do its bidding. Pakistan is tactically seeking concessions from US in enhancing the aid in military terms and strategically it is bargaining for a key role in Afghanistan’s future dispensation, which US is willing to give in order to leave Afghanistan as per its schedule.

 

Likely Scenario

Keeping in view the interests and strategies of main players, the security experts draw a grim picture. They point out that Karzai regime is unable to control the situation the influence of Taliban is growing. The corruption is rampant and there is hardly any chance that this regime could win over the population. The pressure on Karzai to accommodate elements from Taliban is on the increase. Obama’s idea of re-integrating Taliban is deeply flawed and raises concerns that Karzai would be ultimately forced into making concessions to the Taliban in terms of power sharing. The entire exercise is aimed at a ‘graceful exit’ strategy for the US and its allies and appears to have been carefully stage managed to allow US and NATO troops to start scripting withdrawal. While making a prognosis of the complex situation is not easy, going by the current trends, only two possibilities emerge. First Karzai could become a puppet in the hands of Taliban elements and would be following their agenda and second he may be forced to leave power that would bring Taliban to power in most of the provinces. In all probabilities Afghanistan would be divided in two parts - one larger part that would be governed by Taliban and other smaller part that would be ruled by those who are opposed to Taliban. This means that the situation would be similar to what was in existence prior to US operations.

 

India's Options

India’s options in Afghanistan have to be based on the emerging trends. India has to recognize the prevalent situation, likely scenario that is developing, be prepared to take necessary risks and act with far greater persuasion and resolve so as to apply soft and hard power instruments in an appropriate mix. Our national interest demands that Taliban control of the area would not be in our interest as the territory would continue to be used for training of terrorists of various hues. This in fact would not be in the interest of US and even Pakistan as they too are facing terrorist activities. However the Pakistani Army which is using terrorism as an instrument to deal with India is unlikely to change its stance. The US is in a hurry to leave Afghanistan and therefore is unlikely to wait till the capabilities of Taliban are destroyed and then hand over the country to the elected government of Afghanistan. Under these circumstances, cooperation with US is not going to help our cause. China has its own agenda and therefore the attempts to control Taliban with its help are not going to be of any help to us. The recent efforts to cooperate with China and Russia would require rethinking.

 

Of course, Russia and India have common interests and therefore we need to evolve common strategies to deal with Taliban. In the present circumstances, Karzai needs to be assisted to enable his regime to deal with the Taliban. His army’s ability needs to be significantly upgraded. However, pragmatism demands that we should also take measures to eventually deal with the divided Afghanistan, in which the Taliban would be controlling a substantial area. The Taliban should remain under pressure both from the northern side as well as from the southern side. For this we have to think of a broader strategy. At present our strategy is based on the concept that economic engagement alone will secure our interests. This may not work in view of changing scenario of Afghanistan. There is a need to work out a comprehensive strategy that would include dexterous use of all instruments of diplomacy, strategic intelligence operations and force projection. This is not suggesting that we should use armed forces but take a posture to indicate our will to protect our genuine interests at all costs. In our strategy much greater focus should be on the liberal Pashtuns, who oppose Taliban policy. There are people in Pakistan’s tribal areas who oppose the Talibanization of the area. Their hands need to be strengthened. Many liberal Pashtuns alleged that India did not back them strongly enough in the past. M Dawood, the Advisor to the Afghan Foreign Minister had aptly commented on India’s attitude, “India seems apologetic about its presence. It is a regional player and must behave like one instead of insisting on a benign presence with a penchant for staying in the background.”

 

http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ChanakyaCode/entry/india-s-options-in-afghanistan

domingo, 19 de dezembro de 2010

Estratégia de Defesa Japonesa preocupada com a China

Defense strategy says China's rise is a 'concern'

2010/12/18

A new 10-year defense plan approved by the Cabinet on Friday describes China's burgeoning military power as a "matter of concern" for other countries in East Asia, and calls for more mobile and flexible Self-Defense Forces to respond to the new threats facing Japan.

The National Defense Program Guidelines document maps out Japan's grand strategy for the 2010s and is the first such strategy to be penned by a Democratic Party of Japan-led government.

It calls the military emergence of China as a "matter of concern both for the region and the international community" and, despite the DPJ's oft-repeated criticism of previous Liberal Democratic Party administrations for following the United States, it places greater emphasis on the U.S. alliance than its predecessors.

The Kan Cabinet also approved the Mid-Term Defense Program, a projection of defense spending over the next five years, on Friday.

In that period, total defense spending is estimated at 23.49 trillion yen ($276 billion). Average annual defense spending is expected to increase by about 0.1 percent, compared with the fiscal 2010 budget. The 2005-2009 Mid-Term Defense Program saw cuts in annual defense spending.

The new strategy emphasizes "dynamic defense capabilities" that stress mobility and rapid response by the Self-Defense Forces. It also calls for strengthening of the defense of the Nansei island chain that lies off the south of Kyushu and extends to close to Taiwan. Both are clear reflections of concerns about China's emerging military presence in the region. The disputed Senkaku Islands, which were the focus of a spat with China in September, are in the Nansei region.

The guidelines propose increasing the deployment of submarines in the area and the use of surveillance units to keep an eye on shipping in the area.

In April, a total of 10 Chinese naval vessels moved through waters that separate the main Okinawa island from Miyakojima island as part of a maritime military exercise that extended from the East China Sea to the Pacific Ocean. A Maritime SDF destroyer monitored the exercise from a distance of 4,000 to 5,000 meters.

Ship-based helicopters on two occasions veered dangerously close to the destroyer. On one occasion, a helicopter hovered about 90 meters horizontally and at a height of 30 meters.

After that incident, the governments of Japan and China resumed discussions to establish a maritime communications system to avoid accidents between the MSDF and the Chinese navy in the East China Sea.

However, one high-ranking Defense Ministry official expressed doubts that an agreement can be reached.

"The Chinese want to place restrictions on Japan's surveillance because they consider it a bother," the official said. "On the other hand, the United States does not want any restrictions on Japan."

China's increasing assertiveness is also the primary reason the guidelines call for a comprehensive review of the "Basic Defense Force Concept," which long served as the cornerstone of Japan's defense policy.

A key element of that concept was an even and uniform deployment of the SDF across Japan's territory, but the shift to the south of Japan's defense focus and the emphasis on rapid deployment may force a rethink.

The guidelines talk about units being deployed away from their assigned bases to respond to terrorists and to defend outlying islands. These passages appear to be referring not only to North Korea, which continues with nuclear weapon and ballistic missile development, but also Beijing, which has rapidly expanded its activities in the East China Sea and South China Sea.

The focus on China partly reflects the policy of the United States. In the Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) released by the U.S. Defense Department in February, concerns were raised about how China's increasing military capabilities were threatening the projection of U.S. power in the western Pacific.

The United States could be prevented from operating in the region if China's submarines expanded their activities in the Pacific or if China developed anti-ship ballistic missiles that could hit aircraft carriers.

To achieve closer cooperation with the United States, the guidelines call for greater cooperation in ballistic missile defense, joint military training exercises and joint surveillance activities.

But the guidelines also state that the influence of the United States is changing relative to the growing power of nations such as China, India and Russia, and indicate that Japan will have to shoulder more of a defense burden.

The guidelines also call for greater cooperation with Australia and South Korea, two other American allies.

The new strategy does not, however, deliver the review of Japan's ban of weapons exports for which Washington has long been asking.

The guidelines do state that a major trend among advanced nations is international joint development and production of weapons because of the higher costs and functions of the most advanced weapons, and call for discussion about how to respond to the trends. But there is no attempt to reverse the ban.

A statement was released under the name of Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshito Sengoku Friday saying that the government would continue to abide by the three principles on weapons exports.

The statement also called for the compilation of a medium- and long-term strategy to maintain and bolster defense production and technology.

China on Friday blasted Japan for singling out Beijing in its new defense guidelines and raising concerns about its emerging military presence.

Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu said in a statement, "An individual nation has no right to make irresponsible statements about China's development, acting as though it represents the international community."

There has been strong interest in China about the new defense guidelines, with one Chinese expert on Japan urging caution against worsening friction between the two nations.

Jiang added, "China's national defense policy is for defensive purposes only, and China has no intention of becoming a threat to anyone."

One reason for the criticism by Beijing is that U.S. strategy toward China is reflected in the defense guidelines. The QDR focused on China's military strategy in the western Pacific, and the proposals in the defense guidelines about strengthening the defense of the Nansei island chain are influenced by the QDR.

* * *

Gist of the new National Defense Program Guidelines

- North Korea's military movements are a major element of instability. The modernization of China's military power and strengthening of its capabilities are matters of concern for the region and the international community.

- Highly mobile forces capable of rapid deployment should be developed.

- Cold War-era weapons and personnel deployments should be phased out. Surveillance, maritime patrol, air defense and ballistic missile defense capabilities should be improved.

- Units should be deployed to outlying islands where there is now no presence.

- Defenses against cyber attacks should be strengthened

- A unit in the prime minister's office to coordinate policy among Cabinet ministers and to provide advice to the prime minister should be set up.

- Measures to avoid friction due to U.S. military bases in Japan should be introduced.

- Japan should debate how to deal with the trend toward the multinational development and production of weapons.

sábado, 18 de dezembro de 2010

Investimento Indiano em Ruanda

Indian firm to invest $250 mn in East Africa

IANS, Dec 18, 2010, 01.12pm IST

KIGALI (RWANDA): An Indian company has signed a pact with the Rwanda Development Board (RDB) to invest $250 million for a knowledge hub and an integrated food park in this East African country, once associated with its fratricidal conflict that claimed nearly a million lives.
India's Universal Empire Infrastructures (UEIL) has been in discussion with the Government of Rwanda for a few months and the company delegation also visited here, the capital of Rwanda. The delegation also held detailed discussions with six cabinet ministers of the Rwandan government.
The memorandum of understanding inked now is a follow-up of the recent road shows held by RDB in New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Ahmedabad, officials said.
Clare Akamanzi, chief operating officer, and K. Balachandran Nair, chairman and managing director, signed the pact on behalf of RDB and UEIL, respectively, in the presence of Munish Gupta, director of UEIL, and Rosemary Mbabazi, director for investment promotion with RDB.
The pact focusses on the establishment of a knowledge hub that entails a multi-disciplinary university that comprises all schools, especially for medicine, in collaboration with Royal Colleges of either Scotland, Ireland or England, as also those for engineering, management, commerce, education, agriculture, arts and humanities, and basic sciences.
It also calls for centres on employable skill development, IT, biotech and research, apart from a sports complex and convention centre, a medical resort with 300 rooms, wellness centre, naturopathy and water sports to spur tourism.
The second part of the pact focusses on the establishment of an integrated food processing park to develop agriculture and animal husbandry.
Rwanda, now led by its second-term, democratically-elected President Paul Kagame, wants to leave the catastrophic genocide in 1994 behind and forge pacts globally to lift the impoverished country. Around 90 percent of the population of this country is engaged mainly in subsistence agriculture and processing of some minerals.

Read more: Indian firm to invest $250 mn in East Africa - The Times of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Indian-firm-to-invest-250-mn-in-East-Africa/articleshow/7122448.cms#ixzz18WEMizfN

sábado, 11 de dezembro de 2010

The Chinese Are Coming

REBOOTING INDIA

The Chinese Are Coming

KANTI BAJPAI, Dec 11, 2010, 12.00am IST

Premier Wen Jiabao of China will come calling next week. China is India's largest and most powerful neighbour by far and therefore in a strategic sense the most consequential. It is also India's biggest trading partner, which makes it vital to the Indian economy. How should we at this juncture think about the relationship with China?
By way of context, it is crucial to remember that China is the second largest economy in the world and probably the second greatest military power as well. By any reckoning, it will be the greatest power on earth in 30 years if not sooner. It is hard to see what could stop its rise. There is a view that China's internal political and ethno-religious problems, its ageing population, and its peculiar state-led crypto-capitalist economy will singly or in combination constrain its elevation to the world's pre-eminent power. However, we should remember that before China both the US and UK had internal problems prior to their rise. Those problems did not fundamentally stop their ascent.
When Wen arrives in Delhi, he will set foot in the Indian capital as the leader of the next superpower if not the next global hegemon. Projections of China's GDP as a proportion of world GDP, in 30 years from now, range from roughly 25 per cent to 40 per cent. Whatever we may say about Indian economic growth, it is highly unlikely our country will be in the same position. However much it may gall us, we must acknowledge that the next century will be China's.
What are India's options in dealing with China? One option is to form an alliance or series of alliances against China to balance against its awesome power. Obvious partners here are the US, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and a string of South East Asian countries plus more remote powers such as France and the UK (or, if it ever becomes a cohesive strategic actor, the EU). All these actors have their own worries about China. Already, we can see an interest in the US and western powers and various East and South East Asian powers in engaging India which by virtue of its population and size is about the only country with the scale to potentially balance China in the long run. The problem here is that given China's economic links to these countries it is hard if not impossible for them to line up against it in an overt, effective way.
The other option is to bend at the knee and make concessions to China with the hope that Beijing will leave us alone. There are a number of bilateral issues that bring the two of us into conflict - territory, Tibet, river waters, and Pakistan, principally. New Delhi could simply give Beijing more or less what it wants on these. The problem is that China may want so much that it will not be possible for India to make sufficient concessions. Furthermore, on the question of our respective energy needs in the years to come, it may well be that the conflict will be so fundamental that India will not be in a position to give in.
A final option is to build Indian military strength to the point that we can deter China even if we cannot match it for overall national power. This is attractive enough but it does not answer the question of how we will do this when the Chinese could bully our military suppliers (Russia, the US, Europe). We could produce our own weapons, but the only weapon of any consequence that we have more or less successfully built is nuclear weapons. In any case, even if we can deter the Chinese from aggression, we may not prevent it from shaping world politics, as the US has done for the past century.
This suggests that perhaps the best thing we can do is what we are doing, namely, negotiate relentlessly with China, refuse to be provoked by it, engage with other states without allying against our northern neighbour, build our economy and internal political resilience, and deter aggression across the Himalayas. China did this in the last phase of the Cold War in its relations with the US. We need to do a China on China.

 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/The-Chinese-Are-Coming/articleshow/7078878.cms#ixzz17qD6tdeC

domingo, 26 de setembro de 2010

China está tentando conter a Índia?

Los nuevos participantes en el Gran Juego

Jaswant Singh

2010-09-24

NUEVA DELHI – Dos “grandes juegos” se desarrollan actualmente en el sur de Asia. Al occidente, Afganistán -y los “yihadistas islamistas”, como los llama Henry Kissinger- desafían el orden internacional. Al oriente, un gran número de tropas chinas han penetrado en  los territorios pakistaníes, en lo alto de las intrincadas montañas del Karakórum de Cachemira, que se encuentran en la pintoresca región de Gilgit-Baltistán, no lejos del helado campo de batalla de Siachen, donde India y Pakistán se enfrentan.

Senge Hasan Sering, de Skardu, dirigente del Congreso Nacional de Gilgit-Baltistán, piensa que el número de tropas del Ejército Popular de Liberación chino ahora presentes "podría superar los 11,000," pues también se ha desplegado "cuerpo de ingenieros de dicho ejército." Es aquí donde China está invirtiendo "miles de millones de dólares en megaproyectos como autopistas, túneles y oleoductos y gasoductos.” “Indudablemente”, señala Sering, “no se debe a un altruismo desbordante.”

Los chinos dicen que algunas de sus tropas están presentes en Pakistán por otro tipo de "desbordamientos", que han sido numerosos en esta parte de Cachemira y en el resto de Pakistán. Las fuertes lluvias monzónicas de este año han causado grandes estragos en la región: interrupción de las comunicaciones terrestres, derrumbe de puentes y destrucción de las viviendas de medio millón de personas en estas montañas – se han quedado sin “casas, tierras, bienes muebles,” o incluso “cementerios.”  Esto supera y se agrega a las miles de personas que en enero perdieron todo debido a las fuertes lluvias en la región de Hunza, que arrasaron varios poblados y crearon un lago artificial muy inestable.

El antiguo “Gran Juego” de Rudyard Kipling ahora tiene nuevos concursantes. En lugar de un imperio expansionista ruso enfrentándose al imperio británico, actualmente es China, hambrienta de tierras, agua y materias primas, la que está flexionando sus músculos e invadiendo gradualmente los reductos himalayos y desafiando directamente a la India.

La incursión de China reafirma el antiguo axioma estratégico de que “la geografía es el verdadero determinante de la historia” –y, en consecuencia, también de la política exterior y de seguridad. Robert Kaplan señala acertadamente que “la geografía india es la historia de invasiones desde el noroeste,” y “los desafíos estratégicos de la India todavía son inherentes a este hecho,” razón por la cual Afganistán, a los ojos indios, está vinculado a la historia del subcontinente, y por consiguiente a nuestro futuro.

También es la razón de que exista una “conexión orgánica entre India y Asia Central”. La clave de ese vínculo se encuentra en el Himalaya, que es donde se centra actualmente la rivalidad entre la India y China. Afortunadamente, al menos por el momento, esta rivalidad es mucho menos impulsiva que las relaciones entre la India y Pakistán, puesto que no se deriva de diferencias históricas.

El deseo de China es liberarse de las limitaciones de su historia y, por lo tanto,  de su geografía. Aparentemente, una China segura de sí misma y relativamente estable tiene que expandirse para que las presiones internas contenidas no la desgarren. Por el otro lado, una India fuerte y estable siempre será una potencia del status quo.

Con estos antecedentes debe evaluarse la disputa más reciente entre la India y China. Varios miles de efectivos del Ejército Popular de Liberación  están destacados sin oposición en el Paso del Kunjerab en la frontera con Xinjiang para proteger la autopista de Karakórum, que también reparan en varios tramos. Después de todo, la carretera es un vínculo vital para la búsqueda de China de un acceso directo al Mar Arábigo. No obstante, esto también es territorio indio, y ahí yace el problema, porque la región está siendo víctima de la progresiva codicia de China, con el consentimiento de Pakistán como cómplice más que dispuesto.

A pesar de las reivindicaciones históricamente establecidas de la India en esta región, China se refiere a ella como territorio “en disputa”, descripción que ha comenzado a ampliar a todo el estado indio de Jammu y Cachemira. Esta clase de trucos verbales para ocultar un objetivo estratégico ya se han utilizado anteriormente. En efecto, hace algunos años, una visita del comandante de la región militar de Lanzhou del Ejército Popular de Liberación al Ladak indio se canceló debido a que Pakistán había protestado –lo que insinuaba que Pakistán tenía una reivindicación legítima sobre la región.

Sería un error suponer que la gran expansión de comercio entre la India y China, que actualmente se eleva a más de 60 mil millones de dólares anuales (y por el que China se ha convertido en el mayor socio comercial de la India) debe conducir a mejorar las relaciones bilaterales. A pesar de la expansión del comercio, China está intentando encerrar a la India en fronteras terrestres y marítimas muy reducidas mediante su llamada política del “collar de perlas”.

Este esfuerzo para rodear a la India por mar con estaciones navales estratégicamente ubicadas desde Hainán en el este hasta Gwadar en el oeste, y por tierra mediante el apoyo a las reivindicaciones falsas de Pakistán que socavan la integridad territorial de la India, llevan el “Gran Juego” a un nivel nuevo y más peligroso. En efecto, la tenaza de Afganistán y Gilgit/Baltistán plantea el desafío más grave a la condición de Estado de la India desde su independencia.

Más aún, la lucha que se libra ahora en la cima del mundo bien podría determinar si este será un “siglo asiático” o un “siglo chino”.

Jaswant Singh, ex ministro de Asuntos Exteriores, de Finanzas y de Defensa de la India, es miembro de la oposición en el Parlamento indio.

http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/singh6/Spanish

¿Es China fuerte o débil?

¿Es China fuerte o débil?

Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom

2010-09-22

IRVINE (CALIFORNIA) – El Gobierno de China ha estado usando un lenguaje fuerte últimamente para afirmar su soberanía sobre trechos disputados de aguas internacionales cercanos a sus costas, lo que ha aumentado las tensiones, en particular entre China y los Estados Unidos, y la Secretaria de Estado, Hillary Clinton, ha subrayado que ahora el gobierno de Obama está dispuesto a intervenir para contribuir a velar por una resolución justa de las disputas relativas al mar de la China Meridional. Los portavoces chinos lo denunciaron como una vuelta a la época en que América consideraba que podía –y debía– intentar “contener” a la República Popular.

Una forma de interpretar la retórica elevada de China –y su dura reacción ante las maniobras militares conjuntas de los EE.UU y Corea del Sur– es otro indicio de que los dirigentes chinos han llegado a sentirse sumamente seguros de sí mismos y están deseosos de imponer su influencia a otros países. Sin embargo, la realidad es más compleja. Una mirada más detenida revela que las palabras y las acciones del Presidente Hu Jintao se caracterizan con frecuencia por una mezcla de inseguridad y chulería y que los funcionarios chinos alternan entre conceder importancia al ascenso de su país o quitársela.

Naturalmente, hay momentos en los que los dirigentes de China parecen personas que son conscientes de estar triunfando y quieren que otros lo reconozcan. Antes incluso de las actuales controversias diplomáticas, los dirigentes de China estaban señalando con regocijo a la atención lo mucho más eficaz que había sido su plan de estímulo que el de Obama para contrarrestar los efectos negativos de la crisis financiera.

Y, sin embargo, cuando el mes pasado se supo la noticia de que China había substituido oficialmente al Japón como la segunda economía en tamaño del mundo, en lugar de alardear de haber superado a un ya antiguo rival y tener puestas las miras en el primer puesto, ocupado por los EE.UU, el Gobierno hizo públicas declaraciones en el sentido de que el suyo seguía siendo un país “pobre y en desarrollo”.

La faceta segura de sí misma de la personalidad dividida de sus dirigentes es la que con frecuencia preocupa tanto a los vecinos de China como a los EE.UU. Aun así, es importante recordar que la seguridad del Partido en sí mismo tiene un aspecto positivo. Como ha sostenido el especialista en ciencia política Kevin O’Brien, se puede pensar que la mayor disposición de China a la transacción con algunos manifestantes internos, en lugar de considerar subversivas todas las formas de acción colectiva, refleja una sensación de seguridad cada vez mayor.

A la inversa, se pueden atribuir algunas de las iniciativas más preocupantes de China a sensaciones exageradas de inseguridad. Pensemos en el duro trato dado al insumiso crítico Liu Xiaobao, sentenciado a 11 años de cárcel con acusaciones inventadas de “subversión” por lanzar una campaña de peticiones por la red Internet en pro de las libertades civiles. ¿Se habría mostrado tan asustadiza una minoría gobernante de verdad segura de sí misma ante su activismo?

La faceta de seguridad en sí misma de la personalidad dividida de los dirigentes chinos es fácil de entender. Desde finales del decenio de 1980 hasta 2000, muchos observadores afirmaron que el partido estaba en las últimas, destinado a sucumbir con seguridad a la”extinción leninista” que comenzó con el hundimiento del comunismo en Europa, pero el Partido sigue al mando en la actualidad. Las librerías de los aeropuertos que en tiempos exhibían The Coming Collapse of China (“El próximo desplome de China”) de Gordon G. Chang ahora ofrecen When China Rules the World (“Cuando China gobierne el mundo”) de Martin Jacques.

Entonces, ¿por qué siguen los gobernantes de China recayendo en la duda y el miedo y por qué siguen evitando que se califique a China de superpotencia?

Para empezar, quitar importancia al ascenso de China tiene beneficios prácticos. Contribuye a que se la considere un país “pobre y en desarrollo”, no un gigante económico, porque de las naciones “desarrolladas” se espera que hagan más para luchar contra las amenazas planetarias, como el cambio climático.

Al mismo tiempo, China sigue siendo, en realidad, un país “pobre” en cuanto a la renta por habitante y algunas zonas del país son más similares a secciones de países “en desarrollo” y con dificultades que a las ciudades de China que son atracciones turísticas.

El Partido está en una posición vulnerable... y lo sabe, lo que no es una excusa para la paranoia y la represión, pero simplemente porque el Partido haya durado más de lo que se predecía no deja de tener un talón de Aquiles. Lo más importante es que la irritación por la corrupción y el nepotismo que impulsó las protestas de Tiananmen nunca han desaparecido.

Así, pues, los dirigentes de China siguen dependiendo de una forma de nacionalismo estructurado en torno a relatos victimistas. Ahora basan su legitimidad en la idea de que el Partido, que logró el poder cuando la nación estaba luchando contra la dominación extranjera, es el único en contar con las aptitudes necesarias para impedir que China resulte intimidada en una escena internacional hostil y sólo él puede brindar el ambiente estable necesario para el crecimiento.

La personalidad dividida de los dirigentes chinos explica un fenómeno curioso del que la ex asesora del Departamento de Estado de los EE.UU. Susan Shirk tomó nota en su libro China. Fragile Superpower (“China, superpotencia frágil”). Cuando citó el título del libro a americanos, le preguntaron por qué utilizaba el calificativo “frágil”, mientras que los amigos chinos decían que considerar una “superpotencia” a su país era prematuro.

El título de Shirk sigue reflejando un fenómeno importante que dificulta los asuntos diplomáticos. Los observadores exteriores están cada más convencidos de que China es una superpotencia y necesita mostrar que puede serlo de forma responsable, pero los gobernantes de China sólo a veces hacen suya esa designación... y el Partido sigue actuando a veces como si sólo tuviera un tenue control del poder.

Jeffrey Wasserstrom es profesor de Historia en la Universidad de California en Irvine y director del Journal of Asian Studies. Su libro más reciente es China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know (“China en el siglo XXI. Lo que todo el mundo debe saber”).